Malawi: Threat of Extensively Drug-Resistant TB a Reality!
By, Moses Kaufa, The Chronicle Newspaper, July 16, 2007
In Malawi, Tuberculosis (TB) is closely linked to the HIV epidemic. Of the 28,000 cases of TB reported in the year 2005, approximately 70% of the patients tested HIV positive.
Although TB can be cured, the recent surfacing of an Extensively Drug Resistant-TB (XDR-TB) in South Africa is cause for concern.
With the current official rate of 14% HIV infection in Malawi and the link between HIV and TB, the need to put TB firmly on the political agenda of the country has become more necessary and urgent.
The government, through the Ministry of Health and the National TB Control Programme has committed to making sure that there a plan in place to respond effectively should any cases of XDR-TB surface in Malawi.
Advocacy, Communication and Social Mobilization (ACSM) an initiated component of the Malawi National TB Control Programme, seeks to create awareness, facilitate community involvement and participation and promote activities that will inform the public on the importance of adhering to treatment and medical advice for Tuberculosis in an effort to avoid the possible development of the fatal, Extremely Drug Resistant TB (XDR-TB).
Henry Chimbali, the Communications Officer of the National TB Control Program, ACSM has embarked on an advocacy campaign involving activities designed to place TB high on the political and development agenda.
The campaign also aims to increase financial and other resources on a sustainable basis as well as hold authorities to account. Additionally, the campaign seeks to ensure that pledges are fulfilled at the local level.
A major and very important part of the campaign is to prevent the possible development of the deadly XDR-TB in Malawi.
Reports indicate that XDR-TB probably developed because cases of normal TB are not treated properly. TB that is not effectively treated will resurface with resistance to the drugs used in the treatment and become Multi Drug Resistant - TB (MDR-TB). Concerns are high that XDR-TB could develop if patients are not aware of the importance of following the strict medical regime necessary to treat MDR- TB.
Records indicate that no one knows yet exactly how many cases of XDR-TB exist but surveillance shows that countries most affected by TB are those that are poor.
Chimbali told Health Check that XDR-TB mostly develops in patients who at one time used the drugs for other ailments or if they had defaulted in the treatment of TB.
However, the infection of XDR-TB is transmitted in the same way as the standard TB.
He says the intervention embarked on by ACSM seeks to prevent any possible occurrence of XDR-TB in this country and the further spread of infections should it occur.
"The program will be looking at adherence and compliance of treatment. This will be achieved by ensuring that all TB patients are under closely supervised treatment and all health workers have adequate knowledge on TB treatment guidelines. There will be a need to engage more health care providers in TB treatment monitoring, strengthening treatment monitoring systems at all levels and intensifying proper diagnosis of all TB suspect cases," Chimbali said.
He said the program is also focusing on prevention and control of the transmission of XDR-TB to health workers and the public.
"This will be achieved through early diagnosis of all TB treatment failures, relapses and tracing of all treatment defaulters and the establishment of special treatment centers for XDR-TB," said the Communications Officer.
XDR-TB is said to be very difficult to treat as it involves a regime that lasts for a long period of time. Drugs to treat the infection are extremely expensive making access to treatment of XDR-TB impossible for many under-privileged people.
Being diagnosed with the infection can be potentially fatal and many people risk losing their lives if diagnosed with the infection because they cannot afford to access treatment.
"Symptoms of XDR-TB are the same as those of any kind of tuberculosis; the only difference is that the particular mycobacterium cannot be killed by any drugs we have today. XDR-TB can only be determined in laboratories, but results take 6-16 weeks to obtain. The treatment is expensive because you need experts to handle the patient who will need to be quarantined," said Chimbali.
During the last decade there has been an increase of TB infections as an opportunistic infection in people with HIV because of their weakened immune systems. This is causing concern in the light of XDR-TB surfacing because interventions such as advocacy, communication and social mobilization in the prevention of the XDR-TB in Malawi, may be challenged in cases where people living with HIV are also found with Tuberculosis.
In an interview, HIV/AIDS Coordinator for Likuni Voluntary Counseling and Testing (VCT) Center, Joe Kamalizeni said one of the guidelines that helps to tell which stage a patient has reached is whether the patient has TB or has been treated for TB in the past.
"Any patient who has had Tuberculosis treatment and has HIV is placed on Stage 3 of the HIV infection and automatically goes on to Antiretroviral therapy," Kamalizeni confirmed.
Chimbali concurs and adds that being HIV positive and diagnosed with TB, the patient is placed on the first course of TB treatment that is combined with ARVs about two months later.
"The two months period is provided to avoid drug reaction which occurs when two types of drugs, Refampicin and Nevirapine are combined," he further adds: "In the first regimen of TB treatment there is a higher level of Rifampicin, which is lowered in the preceding regimen making the body to response favorably to ARV treatment."
He said that all TB patients who are HIV positive are first given Cotrimoxazole (Bactrim) before the next assessment, which determines the next stage for ARVs.
However, while normal TB can be treated with first line antibiotics, MDR-TB can be treated with two classes of second-line drugs, XDR-TB cannot be treated effectively with anything.
TB being one of the opportunistic infection related to HIV/AIDS, there is concern about the development of XDR-TB
Government, however, says people should not be worried as it is taking all steps possible to ensure that the localized TB treatment should include the advanced medication which targets the resistant ailment.
Principal Secretary for HIV/AIDS and Nutrition, Dr Mary Shaba told Health Check, "Meanwhile government is setting up special treatment centers for XDR-TB patients to protect the uninfected people from infection."
Chimbali said any development of XDR-TB could be averted if regular TB is treated effectively. He said: "Meanwhile there are about 16% TB patients who are on Antiretroviral therapy in the country and if we succeeded in controlling the XDR-TB transmission, then the risk would not be there," confirmed the Communications Officer.
He said XDR-TB could be prevented the same way ordinary tuberculosis is prevented. Most healthy people do not get tuberculosis unless they are in very close contact with people infected with TB. Tuberculosis is spread through the air on droplets. Healthcare workers and people who are in close contact with TB patients need to wear protective equipment such as masks. People in the first two weeks of tuberculosis treatment should cover their mouth when coughing and dispose of used tissues.
The World Health Organization (WHO) also recommends that healthcare workers should know their HIV status in order to avoid putting themselves at risk and if diagnosed with TB, strictly adhere to the treatment regime.
It is thought that drug resistant TB has arisen from TB that has been incompletely or improperly treated. People living with HIV/AIDS should be given a TB test, and if found to be TB positive, should start TB treatment before the disease begins to show.
According to World Health Organization, the likelihood of contracting XDR-TB is still pretty rare and in general, healthy people will not develop TB. WHO does not recommend against travel to any of the countries with tuberculosis of any kind. Healthcare workers, however, should take care to follow proper procedure to protect themselves from TB infection.
Source: http://allafrica.com/stories/200707160868.html?page=2
In Malawi, Tuberculosis (TB) is closely linked to the HIV epidemic. Of the 28,000 cases of TB reported in the year 2005, approximately 70% of the patients tested HIV positive.
Although TB can be cured, the recent surfacing of an Extensively Drug Resistant-TB (XDR-TB) in South Africa is cause for concern.
With the current official rate of 14% HIV infection in Malawi and the link between HIV and TB, the need to put TB firmly on the political agenda of the country has become more necessary and urgent.
The government, through the Ministry of Health and the National TB Control Programme has committed to making sure that there a plan in place to respond effectively should any cases of XDR-TB surface in Malawi.
Advocacy, Communication and Social Mobilization (ACSM) an initiated component of the Malawi National TB Control Programme, seeks to create awareness, facilitate community involvement and participation and promote activities that will inform the public on the importance of adhering to treatment and medical advice for Tuberculosis in an effort to avoid the possible development of the fatal, Extremely Drug Resistant TB (XDR-TB).
Henry Chimbali, the Communications Officer of the National TB Control Program, ACSM has embarked on an advocacy campaign involving activities designed to place TB high on the political and development agenda.
The campaign also aims to increase financial and other resources on a sustainable basis as well as hold authorities to account. Additionally, the campaign seeks to ensure that pledges are fulfilled at the local level.
A major and very important part of the campaign is to prevent the possible development of the deadly XDR-TB in Malawi.
Reports indicate that XDR-TB probably developed because cases of normal TB are not treated properly. TB that is not effectively treated will resurface with resistance to the drugs used in the treatment and become Multi Drug Resistant - TB (MDR-TB). Concerns are high that XDR-TB could develop if patients are not aware of the importance of following the strict medical regime necessary to treat MDR- TB.
Records indicate that no one knows yet exactly how many cases of XDR-TB exist but surveillance shows that countries most affected by TB are those that are poor.
Chimbali told Health Check that XDR-TB mostly develops in patients who at one time used the drugs for other ailments or if they had defaulted in the treatment of TB.
However, the infection of XDR-TB is transmitted in the same way as the standard TB.
He says the intervention embarked on by ACSM seeks to prevent any possible occurrence of XDR-TB in this country and the further spread of infections should it occur.
"The program will be looking at adherence and compliance of treatment. This will be achieved by ensuring that all TB patients are under closely supervised treatment and all health workers have adequate knowledge on TB treatment guidelines. There will be a need to engage more health care providers in TB treatment monitoring, strengthening treatment monitoring systems at all levels and intensifying proper diagnosis of all TB suspect cases," Chimbali said.
He said the program is also focusing on prevention and control of the transmission of XDR-TB to health workers and the public.
"This will be achieved through early diagnosis of all TB treatment failures, relapses and tracing of all treatment defaulters and the establishment of special treatment centers for XDR-TB," said the Communications Officer.
XDR-TB is said to be very difficult to treat as it involves a regime that lasts for a long period of time. Drugs to treat the infection are extremely expensive making access to treatment of XDR-TB impossible for many under-privileged people.
Being diagnosed with the infection can be potentially fatal and many people risk losing their lives if diagnosed with the infection because they cannot afford to access treatment.
"Symptoms of XDR-TB are the same as those of any kind of tuberculosis; the only difference is that the particular mycobacterium cannot be killed by any drugs we have today. XDR-TB can only be determined in laboratories, but results take 6-16 weeks to obtain. The treatment is expensive because you need experts to handle the patient who will need to be quarantined," said Chimbali.
During the last decade there has been an increase of TB infections as an opportunistic infection in people with HIV because of their weakened immune systems. This is causing concern in the light of XDR-TB surfacing because interventions such as advocacy, communication and social mobilization in the prevention of the XDR-TB in Malawi, may be challenged in cases where people living with HIV are also found with Tuberculosis.
In an interview, HIV/AIDS Coordinator for Likuni Voluntary Counseling and Testing (VCT) Center, Joe Kamalizeni said one of the guidelines that helps to tell which stage a patient has reached is whether the patient has TB or has been treated for TB in the past.
"Any patient who has had Tuberculosis treatment and has HIV is placed on Stage 3 of the HIV infection and automatically goes on to Antiretroviral therapy," Kamalizeni confirmed.
Chimbali concurs and adds that being HIV positive and diagnosed with TB, the patient is placed on the first course of TB treatment that is combined with ARVs about two months later.
"The two months period is provided to avoid drug reaction which occurs when two types of drugs, Refampicin and Nevirapine are combined," he further adds: "In the first regimen of TB treatment there is a higher level of Rifampicin, which is lowered in the preceding regimen making the body to response favorably to ARV treatment."
He said that all TB patients who are HIV positive are first given Cotrimoxazole (Bactrim) before the next assessment, which determines the next stage for ARVs.
However, while normal TB can be treated with first line antibiotics, MDR-TB can be treated with two classes of second-line drugs, XDR-TB cannot be treated effectively with anything.
TB being one of the opportunistic infection related to HIV/AIDS, there is concern about the development of XDR-TB
Government, however, says people should not be worried as it is taking all steps possible to ensure that the localized TB treatment should include the advanced medication which targets the resistant ailment.
Principal Secretary for HIV/AIDS and Nutrition, Dr Mary Shaba told Health Check, "Meanwhile government is setting up special treatment centers for XDR-TB patients to protect the uninfected people from infection."
Chimbali said any development of XDR-TB could be averted if regular TB is treated effectively. He said: "Meanwhile there are about 16% TB patients who are on Antiretroviral therapy in the country and if we succeeded in controlling the XDR-TB transmission, then the risk would not be there," confirmed the Communications Officer.
He said XDR-TB could be prevented the same way ordinary tuberculosis is prevented. Most healthy people do not get tuberculosis unless they are in very close contact with people infected with TB. Tuberculosis is spread through the air on droplets. Healthcare workers and people who are in close contact with TB patients need to wear protective equipment such as masks. People in the first two weeks of tuberculosis treatment should cover their mouth when coughing and dispose of used tissues.
The World Health Organization (WHO) also recommends that healthcare workers should know their HIV status in order to avoid putting themselves at risk and if diagnosed with TB, strictly adhere to the treatment regime.
It is thought that drug resistant TB has arisen from TB that has been incompletely or improperly treated. People living with HIV/AIDS should be given a TB test, and if found to be TB positive, should start TB treatment before the disease begins to show.
According to World Health Organization, the likelihood of contracting XDR-TB is still pretty rare and in general, healthy people will not develop TB. WHO does not recommend against travel to any of the countries with tuberculosis of any kind. Healthcare workers, however, should take care to follow proper procedure to protect themselves from TB infection.
Source: http://allafrica.com/stories/200707160868.html?page=2
posted by AIDS-Care-Watch at 12:50 pm
0 Comments:
Post a Comment
<< Home